1. Read the text.

Ukrainian Traditional Food

Since ancient times bread has held a special primary position in the cuisine of the Ukrainian people. Long ago the grain for flour was ground manually between two rounded grindstones. Then, beginning in the 13th century, water mills and windmills appeared. Today flour milling is highly developed. As milling technology was improved, white flour was produced by repeated grinding and sifting. This type of flour is used in baking white-wheat bread or light-rye bread.

Besides ordinary bread Ukrainians bake various ritual breads from special dough: the braided bread (kalach), Easter bread (paska), wedding bread (korovai), sweet bread (babka) and egg bread (bulka) Ukrainian bread with its many variations has become quite famous. Cooked or baked cereal – whether wheat, barley, buckwheat, millet, oats, or corn grits – is an ancient Ukrainian food.

The most commonly eaten cereals are buckwheat (kasha), millet, and in the Hutsul and Transcarpathian regions, cornmeal (mamalyha). The same grits boiled in water or milk to produce a thin gruel is called yushka; a thicker gruel of millet is called kulish. In recent times rice has been added to the list of cooked cereals.

There are also dishes prepared by boiling dough. The favourite dish made of flour is filled dumplings (varenyky) with various types of filling: cheese, potato, cabbage, meat, fish, buckwheat.

 Potato is the most widely used vegetable in Ukrainian cooking. It is a necessary ingredient in all soups, particularly borsch and cabbage soup. Boiled or baked potatoes are served alone or with meat, fish, cheese, cabbage, mushrooms, and so on. Another important element in Ukrainian cooking is cabbage, particularly sauerkraut, which is used to make cabbage soup (kapusniak) or is served with meat or potatoes. Other vegetables such as onions, garlic, carrots, radishes and cucumber are frequently eaten raw. Sunflower and pumpkin seeds are usually dry-fried.

In the Ukrainian tradition a soup or borsch must be served with dinner. Various soups – made with meat, fish, vegetables, fruit, or milk – are popular, but borsch remains the favourite. Borsch is made of vegetables and meat.

Meat is usually eaten on feast days, Sundays, or at family celebrations. The most popular meat is pork and its products, such as ham, sausage (kovbasa), blood sausage (kyshka), smoked bacon and salt pork.

 Foods prepared with milk, dairy products, and eggs have long been a part of Ukrainian cooking. Soured milk is a favourite drink throughout Ukraine; a variant of this is riazhanka, made by souring boiled milk with sour cream. Cottage cheese is eaten mixed with sour cream or as a filling in varenyky or pyrohy.

Fruit and berries, when in season, are eaten fresh or made into custards (kysil) and compotes.

There are significant regional variations in Ukrainian cuisine that resulted the availability of different agricultural products, foreign influences, or even the conservatism of the common people in regard to change.

Choose the appropriate word or words combinations to complete the sentences. The proposed words or words combinations can be used only once.

Agriculture has always been used extensively in Ukraine and (5) _____ were the main ingredients for any meal for centuries. (6) _____was and still is one of the food elements that are never absent from Ukrainian meal. It is used with (7) _____and the main course. Hunting was extremely popular in Ukraine, so (8) _____ has become another essential element in the Ukrainian cuisine. One of the most favourite Ukrainian delicacies is (9) _____. We use it in many forms – uncooked and fried, smoked and salted, baked and boiled. A choice for first dish is (10) _____.  Although this word is not translated, it is famous all over the world. One more favourite Ukrainian dish is (11) _____. These delicious dumplings can be filled with potato, cabbage, mushrooms, cottage cheese, berries and what not. They are served with (12) _____, sweet varenyky are served with (13) _____.

Eating in England

Some people have their biggest meal in the middle of the day and some have it in the evening, but most people today have a small mid-day meal - usually sandwiches, and perhaps some crisps and some fruit.

 People in England have three main meals a day: Breakfast - between 7:00 and 9:00, Lunch - between 12:00 and 1:30 p.m. Dinner (sometimes called Supper) - the main meal. Eaten anytime between 6:30 and 8:00 p.m. (Evening meal) Traditionally, and for some people still, the meals are called: Breakfast - between 7:00 and 9:00, Dinner (The main meal) - between 12:00 and 1:30 p.m. Tea - anywhere from 5:30 at night to 6:30 p.m. On Sundays the main meal of the day is often eaten at midday instead of in the evening. This meal usually is a Roast Dinner consisting of a roast meat, Yorkshire pudding and two kinds of vegetables.

What is a typical English Breakfast? Most people around the world seem to think a typical English breakfast consists of eggs, bacon, sausages, fried bread, mushrooms and baked beans all washed down with a cup of coffee. Nowadays, however, a typical English breakfast is more likely to be a bowl of cereals, a slice of toast, orange juice and a cup of coffee. The traditional English breakfast consists of eggs, bacon, sausages, fried bread, baked beans and mushrooms. Even though not many people will eat this for breakfast today, it is always served in hotels and guest houses around Britain. Many people, especially children, in England will eat a bowl of cereal. They are made with different grains such as corn, wheat, oats etc. In winter many people will eat "porridge" or boiled oats.

What is a typical English lunch? Many children at school and adults at work will have a “packed lunch”. This typically consists of a sandwich, a packet of crisps, a piece of fruit and a drink. The “packed lunch” is kept in a plastic container. Sandwiches are also known as a butty or sarnie in some parts of the UK.

The evening meal is usually called 'tea', 'dinner' or 'supper'. What is a traditional English Dinner? A typical British meal for dinner is meat and "two veg". They put hot brown gravy, traditionally made from the juices of the roast meat (but more often today from a packet!) on the meat and usually the vegetables. One of the vegetables is almost always potatoes. This traditional meal is rarely eaten nowadays; a recent survey found that most people in Britain eat curry! Rice or pasta are now favoured as the “British Dinner”. Vegetables grown in England, like potatoes, carrots, peas, cabbages and onions, are still very popular. They also buy vegetables from many countries all through the year.

The Sunday Roast Dinner (Sunday lunch time) is a typical time to eat the traditional Sunday Roast. Traditionally it consists of roast meat, (cooked in the oven for about two hours), two different kinds of vegetables and potatoes with a Yorkshire pudding. The most common joints are beef, lamb or pork; chicken is also popular. Beef is eaten with hot white horseradish sauce, pork with sweet apple sauce and lamb with green mint sauce. Gravy is poured over the meat.

The traditional 4 o'clock tea or afternoon tea is a small meal, not a drink. Traditionally it consists of tea (or coffee) served with either of the following: 1. Freshly baked scones served with cream and jam. 2. Afternoon tea sandwiches (often thinly sliced cucumber sandwiches with the crusts cut off). 3. Assorted pastries.

Today British families do not have time for afternoon tea at home, but in the past it was a tradition. It became popular about one hundred and fifty years ago, when rich ladies invited their friends to their houses for an afternoon cup of tea. They started offering their visitors sandwiches and cakes too. Soon everyone was enjoying Afternoon tea.

The traditional 6 o'clock tea or high tea is one meal that is also possible. The British working population did not have Afternoon Tea. They had a meal about midday, and a meal after work, between five and seven o'clock. This meal was called “high tea” or just “tea”. Today, most people refer to the evening meal as dinner or supper. Traditionally eaten early evening, High tea was a substantial meal that combined delicious sweet foods, such as scones, cakes, buns or tea breads, with tempting savouries, such as cheese on toast, toasted crumpets, cold meats and pickles or poached eggs on toast.This meal is now often replaced with a supper due to people eating their main meal in the evenings rather than at midday.

Choose the appropriate word or words combinations to complete the sentences. The proposed words or words combinations can be used only once.

Most people eat three (17) _____ a day – breakfast, (18) _____and dinner. Some eat a fourth meal, (19) _____late at night. (20) _____tradition provides an extra light meal served in the late (21) _____. Its basic (22) _____usually includes tea and special teacakes or cucumber sandwiches. Meals vary in different countries. (23)  _____ in the US may include fruit or fruit (24) _____coffee, toast, and choice of cereal or (25) _____and eggs. Many people like pancakes with maple syrup for breakfast. (26) _____ Europeans sometimes have an early breakfast of (27) _____ and coffee or hot (28) _____, and eat a (29) _____ breakfast later on in the (30) _____.